UnitVal.h

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//# UnitVal.h: defines the class describing a unit as a value and a dimension
//# Copyright (C) 1994-1999,2000,2001,2004
//# Associated Universities, Inc. Washington DC, USA.
//#
//# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
//# under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by
//# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
//# option) any later version.
//#
//# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
//# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
//# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Library General Public
//# License for more details.
//#
//# You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public License
//# along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
//# Inc., 675 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
//#
//# Correspondence concerning AIPS++ should be addressed as follows:
//#        Internet email: aips2-request@nrao.edu.
//#        Postal address: AIPS++ Project Office
//#                        National Radio Astronomy Observatory
//#                        520 Edgemont Road
//#                        Charlottesville, VA 22903-2475 USA
//#
//# $Id: UnitVal.h 20551 2009-03-25 00:11:33Z Malte.Marquarding $

#ifndef CASA_UNITVAL_H
#define CASA_UNITVAL_H


//# Includes
#include <casa/aips.h>
#include <casa/Quanta/UnitDim.h>
#include <casa/iosfwd.h>

namespace casa { //# NAMESPACE CASA - BEGIN

//# Forward Declarations
class String;
class MUString;
class UnitMap;

// 
// <summary>
// describes any valid unit as a factor and a dimenion of SI units
// </summary>

// <use visibility=export>

// <reviewed reviewer="UNKNOWN" date="before2004/08/25" tests="tUnit">
//
// <prerequisite>
// You should have at least a preliminary understanding of these classes:
//   <li> <linkto class=Unit>Unit</linkto>
// </prerequisite>
//
// <etymology>
// The class name derives from Units and gives a Value for a unit string
// </etymology>
//
// <synopsis> 
// Physical units are strings consisting of one or more names of known
// basic units, separated by '.' or ' ' (for multiplication) or '/' (for
// division). Each name can optionally be preceded by a standard decimal 
// prefix, and/or followed by an (optionally signed) exponent.
// Example:
//      km/s/(Mpc.s)2  is identical to km.s-1.Mpc-2.s-2
//
// See the <linkto class="Unit">Unit</linkto> class for more details.
//
// The UnitVal class maps a Unit string to a factor and a dimension of SI
// defining units. E.g 'km/s' will be 1000 m.s-1 .
// This class is only of interest if the manipulation of units is of
// direct interest. Normally units will be used as Quantities and Quantums
// (see the <linkto class=Quantum>Quantum</linkto> class) only,
// i.e. as a physical quantity having a value and unit.
// The class can also be used to check the validity of a unit string.
//
//  <h3> Constructing UnitVal values </h3>
//
// UnitVal has the following constructors:
// <ul>
//   <li> UnitVal()             creates an (non-dimensioned) value 1.
//   <li> UnitVal(Double f)     creates an (non-dimensioned) value f.
//   <li> UnitVal(Double f, String s) creates value f with unit s
//   <li> UnitVal(Double f, Int i) (private) creates value f with unit
//                              at position i in dimension vector
// </ul>
// 
//
//  <h3> Manipulating unit values </h3>
//
// The UnitVal can be manipulated by the following operators and functions:
// <ul>
//   <li> *, /  generates combined UnitVal (e.g. 1 yd * 1 m = 0.9 m2)
//   <li> pow(Int)      UnitVal(2,"km")->pow(2) = 4000000 m2
//   <li> root(Int)     UnitVal(4000000,"m2")->root(2) = 2 km
//   <li> ==, !=        compares dimensions only: 1 yd == 5 ly: True
//   <li> getFac()      will return the factor (Double)
//   <li> getDim()      will return the dimensions (as UnitDim)
//   <li> <<            will output formatted unit (factor and dimension)
// </ul>
// To aid in checking the dimensionality of units, the following constants
// are available:
// <ul>
//   <li> UnitVal::NODIM
//   <li> UnitVal::UNDIM
//   <li> UnitVal::LENGTH
//   <li> UnitVal::MASS
//   <li> UnitVal::ANGLE
//   <li> UnitVal::SOLIDANGLE
//   <li> UnitVal::MOLAR
//   <li> UnitVal::CURRENT
//   <li> UnitVal::TIME
//   <li> UnitVal::TEMPERATURE
//   <li> UnitVal::INTENSITY
// </ul>
// <note role=tip>
// Any other dimension can be checked by a combination. To check e.g. if
// a unit is an acceleration, use: UnitVal::LENGTH/UnitVal::TIME/UnitVal::TIME
// </note>
//
//  <h3> Checking for valid unit strings </h3>
//
// The validity of a unit string can be checked by:
// <srcblock>
// // Check if the given String is a valid unit representation. The String
// // will be cached in the unit maps for later reference if True
// if ( UnitVal::check( "km/s/Mpc") ) {...}
// </srcblock>
//
// </synopsis> 
//
// <example>
// An observation contains values in Janskys and in Westerbork Units. The
// data can be combined by the following code:
// <srcblock>
// // The Fits tape gave JY, we check if defined, else we define them
//   if ( !UnitVal::check( "JY")) {
//      UnitMap::putUser("JY", UnitVal(1.,"Jy"), "FITS way to write Jy");
//   }
// // The Fits tape gave WU (which are defined):
// // We check if JY and WU are of the same dimension:
//   if (UnitVal(1.,"JY") != UnitVal(1.,"WU")) {
//      cerr << "Wrong dimension for either JY ( " << 
//              UnitVal(1.,"JY")->getDim() <<
//              ") or WU ( " <<
//              UnitVal(1.,"WU")->getDim() << ")" << endl;
//   }
// // And output the relation between WU and JY, and the WU value:
//   cout << "1 WU = " << ( UnitVal(1.,"WU")/UnitVal(1.,"Jy") )->getVal() <<
//           " JY with 1 WU = " << UnitVal(1.,"WU") << endl;
// </srcblock>
// </example>

// <motivation>
// To separate the actual manipulation of unit values from the related
// quantity
// </motivation>
//
// <todo asof="941110">
//   <li> Some inlining (did not work first go)
// </todo>

class UnitVal {
  //# Friends
  // Multiply
  friend UnitVal operator*(const UnitVal &in, const UnitVal &other);
  // Divide
  friend UnitVal operator/(const UnitVal &in, const UnitVal &other);
  // Output a unit as a value and a string of SI defining units
  friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &os, const UnitVal &ku);
  // ensure that statics are initialized
  friend class UnitVal_static_initializer;

 public:
  //# Constructors
  // Construct an non-dimensioned value of 1
  UnitVal();
  // Copy constructor
  UnitVal(const UnitVal &other);
  
  // Construct an non-dimensioned value
  UnitVal(Double factor) { init(factor); }
  
  // Construct a fully dimensioned value
  // <thrown>
  //   <li> AipsError
  // </thrown>
  UnitVal(Double factor, const String &s);
  
  // Construct a value with a single unit at position specified
  UnitVal(Double factor, Int pos) { init(factor, pos); }
  
  // Destructor
  ~UnitVal();
  
  //# Operators
  // Assignment (copy semantics)
  UnitVal &operator=(const UnitVal &other);
  
  // Manipulate units
  // <group name="manipulate">
  // Multiply different units
  UnitVal &operator*=(const UnitVal &other);
  
  // Divide different units
  UnitVal &operator/=(const UnitVal &other);
  
  // Compare the dimensionality of different units
  Bool operator==(const UnitVal &other) const;
  Bool operator!=(const UnitVal &other) const;
  // </group>
  
  //# General member functions
  
  // Raise a unit to an integer power
  UnitVal pow(Int p);

  // Take integer root
  // <thrown>
  // <li> AipsError if power equals zero
  // <li> AipsError if unit dimensions not multiple of power
  // </thrown>
  // <group>
  UnitVal root(Int p) const;
  UnitVal sqrt() const;
  // </group>
  
  // Get the data parts of the unit value definition
  // <group name="get data">
  // Get the dimensions in the defining SI units
  const UnitDim &getDim() const;
  
  // Get the factor of the unit (as compared to pure SI units)
  Double getFac() const;
  // </group>
  
  //# Helper functions
  // Convert a unit string to a proper unit value and cache the result. The
  // function will return False if invalid string specified
  static Bool check(const String &s);
  
  // Convert a unit string to a proper unit value, cache the result and compare
  // the dimension with the specified unit value. False if any of the steps fails
  static Bool check(const String &s, UnitVal &loc);
  
  
  //# Data members
  // Some constants to check type of units
  // <group name="unit kinds">
  static UnitVal NODIM;
  static UnitVal UNDIM;
  static UnitVal LENGTH;
  static UnitVal MASS;
  static UnitVal TIME;
  static UnitVal CURRENT;
  static UnitVal TEMPERATURE;
  static UnitVal INTENSITY;
  static UnitVal MOLAR;
  static UnitVal ANGLE;
  static UnitVal SOLIDANGLE;
  // </group>

 protected:
  // alternate initialization
  void init(Double factor);
  void init(Double factor, Int pos);

 private:
  //# Data members
  // The factor necessary to express the specified unit in the defining SI units
  Double kindFactor;
  
  // The dimensions of the unit in the defining SI units
  UnitDim kindDim;
  
  // Convert (and check) a unit string to an SI value representation
  // <group>
  static Bool create(const String &s, UnitVal &res);
  static Bool create(MUString &str, UnitVal &res);
  // </group>
  
  // Determine sign of unit power (i.e. if '.' or '/')
  static Int psign(MUString &str);
  
  // Determine exponent of unit symbol
  static Int power(MUString &str);
  
  // Determine symbol name in unit string
  static Bool field(MUString &str, UnitVal &res);
  
};

//# Inline Implementations

//# Global functions
// <summary> Global output function </summary>
// <group name=output>
// Output
ostream& operator<<(ostream &os, const UnitVal &ku);
// </group>

// <summary> Static initialisation of UnitVal constants </summary>
static class UnitVal_static_initializer {
  public:
    UnitVal_static_initializer( ) {
      if ( ! initialized ) {
        UnitVal::NODIM.init(       1.);
        UnitVal::UNDIM.init(       1., UnitDim::Dnon);
        UnitVal::LENGTH.init(      1., UnitDim::Dm);
        UnitVal::MASS.init(        1., UnitDim::Dkg);
        UnitVal::TIME.init(        1., UnitDim::Ds);
        UnitVal::CURRENT.init(     1., UnitDim::DA);
        UnitVal::TEMPERATURE.init( 1., UnitDim::DK);
        UnitVal::INTENSITY.init(   1., UnitDim::Dcd);
        UnitVal::MOLAR.init(       1., UnitDim::Dmol);
        UnitVal::ANGLE.init(       1., UnitDim::Drad);
        UnitVal::SOLIDANGLE.init(  1., UnitDim::Dsr);
        initialized = 1;
      }
    }
 private:
    static int initialized;
} unitval_static_initializer;


} //# NAMESPACE CASA - END

#endif